Pictured here is an exceptionally rare and fantastic, original 1590 edition of the illustrated German-language “Dietenberger Bible,” one of three Catholic Counter-Reformation bibles, and the first of the German translations. This fantastic, 16th-century bible is complete and intact, bound in its original pigskin with elaborate, blind-stamped images of the saints. It was recently acquired from the library archives of a New York State monastery where it has resided for 100+ years, and from which it was recently obtained along with a number of other fantastic, 16th through 18th century volumes, which we will be offering on our eBay page over the next few weeks.

The bible offered here is titled “Bibell. Das ist, Alle Bücher Alts und News Testaments, nach Alter in Christlicher Kyrchen gehabter Translation trewlich verteutscht, und mit vielen heilsamen Annotaten erleucht, Durch D. Johann Dietenberger. Jetzt an vielen orten corrigiert, und gebessert, mit schönen kunstreichen figuren geziert, und fleissiger dann je vorhin außgangen.” (Commonly referred to as the “Dietenberger Bible,” translated by Johann Dietenberger. Published at Cologne by Arnold Quentel, 1790. It contains 1200 pages, including 139 woodcuts, 99 multi-line and many small initials, and 2 woodcut vignettes.

The so-called “Dietenberger Bible” is one of three Catholic Counter-Reformation bibles that can be understood as a response to the then-emerging New International Version. The German translation by Johann Dietenberger of the Old and New Testament was the first fully Catholic Bible of the Reformation period. From its first appearance in 1534 through the 18th Century, at least 58 editions were published (see BBKL, 1, 1296). John Dietenberger (c. 1475-1537) was a Dominican Order prior and later professor of theology in Mainz (see NDB 3, 667 et seq.). In 1534, the first edition of his translation of the bible was published. Dietenberger added comments on the chapters of the Old Testament and gave it summary headings. The present bible comes from the highly-regarded printing house Quentel in Cologne (see ADB 27, 37 ff.).

Johann Dietenberger (c. 1475 – September 4, 1537) was a German Catholic scholastic theologian. Born at Frankfurt-am-Main, he was educated in his native city, and joined the Dominican Order. On June 3, 1511, he registered at Cologne as a theological student. Three years later, on September 23, 1514, he was admitted to the licentiate, and the next year, after some time spent at Heidelberg and Mainz, he received the doctor’s degree. Towards the end of 1517, Dietenberger was appointed Regens studiorum and interpreter of Thomas Aquinas at Trier, where he opened his lectures on January 27, 1518. In the meantime, he had been elected (1516) prior of his convent at Frankfurt, and retained this office until 1526, when he became prior at Koblenz. In 1530, Dietenberger attended the Diet of Augsburg and was chosen as a member of the committee of twenty Catholic theologians selected at the meeting of June 27th, and presided over by Johann Eck, to draw up a refutation of the Protestant Confession. At about the same time, he received the appointment of general inquisitor for the Dioceses of Mainz and Cologne. His last years, from 1532, were devoted to teaching theology and exegesis in the Academy of Mainz.

In preparing the “Dietenberger Bible” the author used freely the New Testament of Emser (1527), of whom Martin Luther was wont to say that “he had ploughed with his heifers;” he used likewise other translations compiled in pre-Reformation times, and so did Luther. He was well acquainted with the versions of Luther and of Leo Jud, and used them to improve his own.

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Picture above is a very rare and wonderful, 1860 Currier & Ives stone lithograph advertising print for P. T. Barnum’s American Museum. The print features Barnum’s Premier Sideshow / Circus Freaks / Human Oddities Exhibit “Chang and Eng,” the original “Siamese Twins.”

The piece measures 9 ¾” by 13 7/8″ (including visible margins on all sides) and is framed for display in a simple, period, gold gilt surface wooden frame (overall size of framed display is 11 7/8″ by 14 7/8″). The image features a central, full-figured portrait of the conjoined twins surrounded by smaller, vignette images of scenes depicting the Twins in various daily activities. Included are views of Chang and Eng plowing a field, playing musical instruments, chopping down a tree, hunting, fishing, rowing a boat and driving a carriage. Also included are portraits of each man’s wife with their young children.
The text below the images reads “’Chang’ and ‘Eng’ / The World Renowned United Siamese Twins. / Now Exhibiting At Barnum’s American Museum, New York.” The lithograph is copyright 1860 by the publishers and lithographers, Currier & Ives.

Born in Siam (now Thailand) in 1811, Eng and Chang Bunker were connected at the chest by a five-inch-wide band of flesh. The location of this connection suggested to some doctors and other observers that the brothers shared a heart or some respiratory functions. These medical assumptions would later be proven wrong. In fact, it is believed that the brothers were xiphopagus twins, meaning they were joined only by a small piece of cartilage located at the sternum. The only organs fused were their livers, but each twin had a complete liver that could function independently. By careful practice, they were able to stretch their connective tissue enough for that they could stand side-by-side, rather than facing each other. This is what gave the “iconic” Siamese Twin look, where perception leads us to believe they are joined at the side, and which is the common depiction of this affliction. It is believed that separating Chang and Eng would have been very easy, even for the medical technology available at the time.

According to their biography, the twins shared relatively “normal” boyhoods in Siam, running and playing with other children, doing chores, and helping to support their parents and siblings by gathering and selling duck eggs in their small village. Later, as teenagers, the twins left Siam and began a career traveling with two agents, Robert Hunter and Abel Coffin.

Eng and Chang earned money by giving lectures and demonstrations throughout the United States, Canada, South America, and Europe. In fact, entries in their travel-expense journal document that they visited the campus of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in October, 1834. In their far-flung travels, Eng and Chang became such popular celebrities during the 1830′s that their promotion as “Siamese twins” were terms that were universally employed to describe connected or conjoined twins.

By the late 1830′s, Eng and Chang grew tired of all their traveling, opting then to settle in North Carolina. There, the brothers married two sisters, Adelaide and Sarah Yates of Wilkes County. The sisters were of European ancestry and were neither twins nor connected themselves. The couples were married in 1843, and would ultimately produce 21 children between the two families.

Although they had minimal dealings with P. T. Barnum, the master showman displayed a wax figure of the twins in the American Museum in the 1840s, published a pamphlet on their lives in 1853, and publicly associated himself with the brothers. With large families to support, Chang and Eng returned to show business in 1860, agreeing to a six-week engagement at Barnum’s American Museum. This lithograph was issued to promote that appearance and was likely commissioned of Currier & Ives by P.T. Barnum himself. After suffering financial loses during the Civil War, the brothers again agreed to a European tour sponsored by Barnum in 1868, but these were the only times that they were in any way associated with P.T. Barnum.

Eng and Chang died in January 1874, at the age of 63. Chang preceded Eng in death by about two and a half hours. An autopsy indicated that Chang died of a blood clot in the brain; and, at the time, Eng’s demise was attributed, understandably, to shock.

Above is an image of the historically important, separately bound, 1846 Folding Pocket Map of Texas, Oregon & California by S. Augustus Mitchell. This important map of the newly annexed State of Texas and the soon to be acquired Territories of the Western United States, is fully titled in the cartouche: “A New Map of Texas, Oregon and California With the Regions Adjoining Compiled From the Most recent Authorities Philadelphia, 1846. Published by S. Augustus Mitchell.” It is marked at the lower left with the passage, “Entered According to Act of Congress in the Year 1845 by H.N. Burroughs in the Clerks Office of the District Court of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.” The map measures approximately 21” by 22 1/2”, and was contained in a leather bound “Pocket Guide” titled “Accompaniment to Mitchell’s New Map of Texas, Oregon and California with the Regions Adjoining. Philadelphia, 1846. Published by S. Augustus Mitchell.”

Pictured here is the 1st edition of this important map of the Western United States, which, with its accompanying Emigrant’s Guide, has been widely and frequently praised as the most accurate and current information then available in separate cartographic form for the regions shown. According to the accompanying Volume, “The chief authorities from which the map is compiled, are the Congressional Map of Texas, 1844, Kennedy’s Map of Texas by Arrowsmith, Mitchell’s Map of Texas, Ward’s Map of Mexico, Frémont’s Map of his explorations in Oregon, California, &c., 1842, 1843, 1844, Map of Lewis and Clarke’s tour, Major Long’s tour to the Rocky Mountains, Nicollet and Frémont’s exploration of the country between the Mississippi and Missouri, the Congressional Map of the Indian territory, and Mitchell’s Map of the United States.”

The map shows in detail the western portion of the U.S. to the Pacific, with the Indian Territory, Missouri Territory, Iowa, and portions of the states of Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Wisconsin, as well as northern Mexico and part of British Columbia, illustrating in detail the trans-Mississippi region at a time when war was imminent with Mexico.

Great attention has been given to Texas, and the map includes a VERY early depiction of Texas as a state of the Union, complete with all its extravagant territorial claims, including a Panhandle that stretches aggressively north to the 42nd parallel and a border on the Rio Grande River. This map has been updated, however, to show Texas divided into counties instead of empresario grants.

For those contemplating the journey West, the Oregon Road and the Santa Fe Trails from Independence, Missouri, are shown, and a table of distances between Westport and Oregon City is printed. Yet, even with these advances, the map also makes clear the vast stretches of Old Mexico and the West that remain unknown and unexplored. Much of California and the rest of the West is portrayed as basically featureless; “California” occupies the entire area of modern-day California, Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Colorado.

Much of the information the map lacks, is supplied by the accompanying guide, which discusses Texas, Oregon Territory, California, Iowa, Indian Territory, and Missouri Territory, with the majority of the text devoted to the first three. Some of the remarks about Californians are astounding in several respects, even for the time:

“Descended from the old Spaniards, they are unfortunately found to have all their vices, without a proper share of their virtues…. Their amusements are cock-fighting, bull and bear-baiting, and dancing…always accompanied with excessive drinking…. The female portion of the community are ignorant, degraded, and the slaves of their husbands…. The Indians of Upper California are indolent and pusillanimous…they are all extremely filthy in their habits.” (pp. 28-29)

On the other hand, Texas, the success of which Mitchell clearly wishes to promote, is made to sound like an earthly paradise. Oregon, which Mitchell wants the United States to incorporate, is also described favorably at great length. By contrast, the Missouri Territory is only briefly touched upon, in an almost dismissive manner.

If you are interested in learning more about this item, please see our eBay listing.

We are proud to be able to announce the discovery of an exceptionally important 1849, hand drawn, bird’s-eye-view of Miami, Florida. In fact, it is the first known view of a settlement on the spot where the City of Miami would eventually flourish!! This drawing, depicted above, was made by a member of Company F of the United States Army’s 2nd Artillery Regiment, which occupied the land at the mouth of the Miami River (then known as Fort Dallas) from October 1849 to December 1850. This was the third and longest occupation of the site of Miami, Florida by U.S. Army troops, and was the first occupation since the site was abandoned in January, 1841.

We cannot stress enough the historical importance of this amazing view. It is the first known depiction of the settlement at the mouth of the Miami River, and as such is the first known view of what would become the City of Miami, Florida. The drawing was made by an artillery soldier and sent in a letter to a member of his family that lived in Southern New Hampshire. The artillery soldier not only drew a highly detailed view of all of the buildings that made up the settlement, but he also included a legend that identifies each structure as well as various topographical details. The soldier has even drawn representations of the “recreational” sailboats belonging to various officers of the Regiment.

First, a physical description of the Drawing:

The bird’s-eye-view is drawn in pencil on an unlined sheet that measures approximately 12 ½” by 7 ½”. The view itself occupies the lower half of the sheet, and depicts both the north and south banks of the Miami River at the point where the River empties into Biscayne Bay.

Fort Dallas, located on the north bank, is in actuality a cluster of small, unfortified structures. Each building is numbered and each is identified in the legend which appears in the upper half of the sheet. Included are structures identified as the residences of “Major Woodbridge,” “Dr Adkins,” “Lieut. Robinson,” and “Lieut. De Sagnol” (these are the officers of the 51-man garrison that occupied the site of Miami, Florida in 1849-50). Other structures include those identified as “Hospital Tent,” “Company F Kitchen,” “Stone Building unfinished Company F 2nd Artillery,” “Log houses. Bakehouse, Hospital, Kitchen, etc,” as well as a few other miscellaneous structures. Topographical details include those identified as “Pine Woods,” “Hammock,” Coconut Trees,” “Lime grove.” “Mound supposed to have been made by Indians,” and “Coast survey signal.”

There is a single structure on the south bank of the river, which is identified as “Mr. Duke’s Officer Boarding House,” The artist has drawn 5 boats in the river which are identified as “Kate – Lieut. Robinson’s sail boat,” “Mary – Mr Dukes government sail boat,” “Lieut. Robinson’s small skiff,” “Dallas government Lighter,” and “Canoe.” A pencil notation is written in the Miami River that reads, “Miami River five miles long / connecting everglades and bay.” Another pencil notation is written in the bay that reads “Biscayne Bay / 3 to 8 miles wide / 40 miles long.”

Besides the structures and identified details, the view includes a wonderful assortment of trees and vegetation that gives a real sense of the “look” of the area at the time the drawing was made. In the distance at the right, the profile of the opposite shoreline of Biscayne Bay can be seen. This wonderful drawing has a charming, “folk art” appearance, even though it is very detailed and was meant to be a true illustration of the site and not a work of art.

The View has vertical and horizontal folds as well as areas of light staining that confirm that it was included in a letter sent through the mail. Unfortunately, we do not have the letter sent with it nor the cover it was sent in.

Now the History of the View:

This important drawing came directly from the descendents of the soldier that made the drawing. About 2 years ago, a Southern New Hampshire auction house sold the contents of a local estate. There was an archive of letters written by an ancestor who served as a member of the 2nd Artillery and was stationed at Fort Dallas from October 1849 to December 1850. Shortly before the archive of letters were offered for sale, the family decided to keep the letters and withdrew them from the sale. This map, however, was somehow overlooked, and was purchased as part of a small group of unrelated documents and ephemera.

We have spent the past two years trying to contact the family through the auctioneer in the hopes of identifying the soldier and/or obtaining the letter of transmittal that surely accompanied the drawing. All of our efforts have been thwarted, and we have finally decided to unveil and offer the drawing “as found” with as much historical information as we have been able to find regarding its origins.

We contacted the HistoryMiami Museum – the premier repository of information and artifacts related to the history of Miami, Florida. The curators there were extremely excited about this amazing find. While not willing to state outright that this was most certainly the earliest known view of Miami (the Museum collection includes a map of the area dated 1852 that they are proud to state is the “earliest known depiction of Miami”), they agreed that this drawing was certainly “one of the earliest depictions of a settlement on the site of the City of Miami.”

In our effort to uncover the date and circumstances of the creation of this drawing we did uncover some significant information about the occupation of the site at the mouth of the Miami river in the first half of the 19th century which are summarized here:

The first two occupations of Fort Dallas (at the mouth of the Miami River) were by the Navy, Lieutenant Levin M. Powell having been sent there in 1836 and again in 1838. Operations for these short periods were those of deposit, repairs and rests after duty. Powell prepared the post for the Army in 1838 and US Navy Captain Isaac Mayo opened it again for the military in 1839.

After General Jesup defeated the Seminoles on the Loxahatchee on January 24, 1838, Fort Dallas was occupied in order to assist in rounding up the Indians and preparing them for emigration. Fort Dallas was planned to be used for a barrier to the Seminole advance into south Florida and also as an avenue of entrance by the Army into the Everglades. The first military occupation of the post lasted only from February into April of 1838. The first long occupation of Fort Dallas began in October, 1839 and lasted until January, 1842. Fort Dallas had no permanent structures during this period and was merely a tented camp.

In October, 1849, Fort Dallas was occupied again; this time by a single company (except for the first month) – Company F of the 2nd Artillery. The occupation lasted fifteen months and it was during this period that our soldier drew the view seen here. While we have been unable to identify the artilleryman who drew this wonderful view, we have found an extract of the 1850 census that details the occupants of Fort Dallas. In all, the site was occupied by 52 “persons” – 3 officers and 49 members of Company F. Of the 49 soldiers listed in the census documents 33 of the men were foreign born (25 were Irish, 5 were German, 2 were Scots, and 1 was English). Half of the 14 native-born soldiers were from New York and two were from Southern states (one each from Georgia and North Carolina). This leaves only 5 soldiers who could possibly have been the “artist” who drew the view offered here, and we believe that an examination of the complete census record will likely make it possible to determine who drew the view given that we know the soldier came from the New England states (likely New Hampshire).

While we have already done some significant research into the history and origins of this important piece of Miami / Florida History, the door remains open for further research and we trust the next owner will continue this quest!!!

If you are interested in learning more about this HISTORIC map, please visit our eBay listing.

If you were holding this, you’d be holding the world in your hands. Or, the Western Hemisphere, at least, as interpreted in the mid-1600′s. It is an original, 1646 / 1662, “Miniature Speed” Map of the Western Hemisphere depicting North and South America. California, as you can see, is depicted as an island. The piece was engraved by Pieter van den Keere (also Petrus Kaerius). It is fully titled with a cartouche reading, “America / Petrus Kaerius / Anno Do 1646.” A pencil notation on the reverse identifies the map as being from the 1662 edition of Speed’s Pocket Atlas and engraved by Pieter van den Keere.

The reverse features text title “The Description of America.” The map shows the continents in full as known at the time and is taken directly from Speed’s important and influential 1627 map of the same name which, for its depiction of California as an island, has solidified its place in history. The original, 1627 rendering of this map is particularly famous, for it was the first atlas map upon which this misconception appeared and Speed’s depiction of the island of California was thus a major contributing factor in the longevity of this notorious myth. The inclusion of this map in Speed’s Pocket Edition did even more to disseminate the long held misconception.

John Speed (1552-1629) was one of the most famous British mapmakers of the seventeenth century, and indeed perhaps the most popular of all with map collectors around the world. Historically, he is noted for placing England into the mainstream of map publishing, which had been dominated by the Dutch since the late sixteenth century. Speed began by issuing maps of Great Britain as early as 1611 in his famous Theatre of the Empire of Great Britaine. That publication contained maps of the entire British Isles, their kingdoms, and the counties of those kingdoms. Beginning in 1627, this was then accompanied by A Prospect of the Most Famous Parts of the World with maps of the world, its regions and its countries. Although Speed used many Dutch geographers and engravers, such as Jodocus Hondius and Abraham Goos, in his works and he copied many Dutch maps, his work is important in establishing a thriving British cartographic industry.

Pieter van den Keere, or Petrus Kaerius, was the engraver responsible for the maps which are now referred to as the “Miniature Speed’s” (including the Map of the Western Hemisphere offered here). Having fled the Low Countries as a refugee because of religious persecution, he arrived in London in 1584, and began his career as an engraver and cartographer. This was made all the easier as a result of his sister Colletta’s marriage to another refugee from the Low Countries who had recently arrived in London. His name was Jodocus Hondius – an already well-established engraver of maps. In the course of a long working life, Keere engraved a large number of individual maps for prominent cartographers of the day, but he also produced an Atlas of the Netherlands (1617-22) and county maps of the British Isles, as well as other countries of the World which have become known as “Miniature Speeds.”

Highly collectable for a long time now, these tiny maps got their name when John Speed’s publisher, George Humble, issued a pocket edition of Speed’s Atlas in 1627, using plates Keere had engraved almost 20 years previously. He had used various sources for his plates, Saxton and Ortelius for the English and Scottish plates, and the famous map by Baptista Boazio for the Irish offerings. For his small pocket atlas, George Humble used the descriptive text of the large Speed maps (part of which is found on the reverse of the map offered here), and reduced in size a couple of these larger Speeds. However, the 40 or so of the van den Keere plates were the mainstay of the publication. The publication was a success and proved very popular, going through numerous re-issues right up until 1676. The name “Miniature Speed” for these maps was one that caught the imagination, and they are now almost universally referred to by that name.

If you’d like to learn more about this piece, further details can be found at our eBay listing.

The stunningly beautiful, 1890′s embossed and extensively gold gilt-encrusted chromolithograph advertising sign pictured above is among the most striking pieces of advertising we have ever come across. To say that the chromolithography is of THE very highest quality is a gross understatement – this sign is the consummate example of the very finest art and craftsmanship of the Lithographic Art. It is signed by the lithographer – Hermann Schott, who along with Klingenberg Bros., produced many of the most elaborate and highly sought-after cigar labels of the same style and period.

But above and beyond the beauty of the sign, it is its content wherein lies the story. The sign advertises “Don Jose” Cigars manufactured by “Jose Tinchant y Gonzales & Co. Cigars,” owned and operated by transplanted African-American Cigar maker, New Orleans Creole “free man of color,” and second lieutenant in the 6th Louisiana Volunteers (Colored) during the Civil War, Joseph Tinchant. At the center of the sign is a stunning portrait of Joseph Tinchant, himself!

Although the factories of “Jose Tinchant y Gonzales & Co.” were located in Belgium, the company had extensive American connections. Three generations of the Tinchant family lived and worked in New Orleans. The patriarch was brought from Africa in slavery to the island of Haiti, and was emancipated during the Haitian Revolution of the 1790′s. He married a woman who was the child of a white man and a free woman of color, and the couple immigrated to Louisiana where, as a “free man of color,” Jacques Tinchant (father of Joseph and Edouard of “Jose Tinchant y Gonzales & Co. and son of the freed Haitian slave) married a mixed race woman and spent his life in various business interests which straddled the line between the white and Creole communities of New Orleans. While census records describe Jacques Tinchant as a “f.m.c.” (free man of color), in his business dealings that designation sometimes appeared and sometimes did not. It was not that Jacques was “passing for white” (as the designation would disappear and reappear over and over), but the stigma associated with that designation was sometimes “inconvenient” to the customers (white or black) that he was dealing with.

In the antebellum years, New Orleans society was much more complex than the “slave and master” society that dominated most of the American South. Jacques made a living and held a prominent position in society as a land developer who facilitated the transfer of land and real estate from white owners to “free people of color.” By 1840, however, the structure of society in New Orleans had begun to change and the actions of the so-called “free person of color” became much more restricted. The Tichant family made the decision to sail for France with their 5 young boys, and after some hard times in France, eventually ended up in Antwerp. There the family established themselves as cigar makers, and around 1860, at least 3 of the boys had returned to New Orleans (Joseph included) where they were listed in census reports as either “cigar makers” or “tobacconists.”

When Union forces captured New Orleans in 1862, Joseph Tichant helped to raise the 6th Louisiana Infantry (Colored) and was commissioned as a second lieutenant. His brother Edouard enlisted in the regiment. After the War, Edouard became the representative of the 6th Ward of the city of New Orleans, at the Constitutional Convention of the State of Louisiana in 1867–68, a Radical Republican convention made up of mostly men of color which framed the Louisiana State Constitution that took effect during Reconstruction.
By 1877, with the end of Reconstruction in the South and the plight of African Americans there firmly in the hands of the segregationist elements, Joseph and his brother Edouard had again crossed the Atlantic and joined their brothers who had established a cigar factory in Antwerp. Joseph took on the name of his wife – Gonzales – and modified his own name to reflect a Cuban heritage (a great advantage in the cigar industry – even if most of the tobacco for the cigars manufactured at the factory came from Mexico). The company name was changed to “Jose Tinchant y Gonzales & Co.” Their premier brand was “La Flor de Don Jose” with a portrait of Joesph on the cigar’s label and cigar band.

Click here to read more about the fascinating history of the African American Tinchant family.

If you’d like to learn more about this piece, further details can be found at our eBay listing.

Titled The Last Letter of the Illustrious Statesman Thomas Jefferson, Esq. / Author of the declaration of Independence: / Being His Answer to Join the Citizens of Washington in Celebrating the Fiftieth Anniversary of American Independence, the fascinating Broadside pictured above was published at the time of Jefferson’s death on July 4th, 1826. It features the text of the letter written by Jefferson, reluctantly declining an invitation to appear at the 50th Anniversary Celebration of America’s Independence, due to his poor health. In the letter, he fondly remembers those who gathered together at Philadelphia in 1776 to draft the monumental document declaring American independence and the right of all men to govern themselves. In a language that resonates to this very day, Jefferson articulates his belief that eventually, the citizens of all countries around the world will be inspired by our Declaration of Independence to demand self-rule and the freedoms that we so cherish in this great country.

The content of this historic letter is as relevant today as it was 184 years ago. The words of the great, though aged, statesman still fill one with both pride and a sense of moral responsibility to the values of freedom and self-government, articulated so well by our Founding Fathers!

On July 4th, 1826, the 50th anniversary of American Independence, two of the greatest of the Founding Fathers– Thomas Jefferson and John Adams– passed to their final rest. Like today, mindless and self-serving political differences in the United States caused one faction to lionize Jefferson and ignore the death of Adams while the opposition praised the life and work of Adams and made little mention of the “Sage of Monticello.” But long before, Jefferson and Adams had become personally close and exchanged regular correspondence. Both had come to realize that it was not political leanings that define a Patriot, but rather a commitment to freedom for all citizens and a respect for the views of those who honestly and thoughtfully disagree with one’s own opinion are the measure of a true American.